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Apathy can be defined as an absence or suppression of emotion, feeling, concern or passion. Further, apathy is an indifference to things generally found to be exciting or moving.

A strong connection exists between apathy and mental disorders. Apathy is one of the hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia. Many people with schizophrenia express little interest in the events surrounding them. Apathy can also occur in depression and depressive disorders. For example, people who are depressed and have  major depressive disorder or  dysthymic disorder often feel numb to events occurring around them, and do not derive pleasure from experiences that they once found enjoyable. Read the rest of this entry »

Pronunciation: zohl-PIH-dem
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 82626-48-0. (Tartrate form 99294-93-6)
Formal Names: Ambien, Stilnoct, Stilnox
Type: Depressant
Federal Schedule Listing: Schedule IV (DEA no. 2783)
USA Availability: Prescription
Pregnancy Category: B

Zolpidem [Ambien, Stilnoct, Stilnox] Uses. Zolpidem became available for medical purposes in the United States during the 1990s, after already being used in Europe. The substance can be used to relax people shortly before they undergo surgery. Zolpidem promotes sleep and has both sedative and  anticonvulsant properties. Generally insomnia patients are not supposed to take the drug for much more than a week. They are also not supposed to take the drug until they are ready for sleep; the substance is fast acting, and a person could doze off while in the middle of doing something. Elderly nursing home residents have been known to fall after taking zolpidem. People may forget things they do while under the drug’s influence; a U.S. Army test found that the amnesia can be prevented if the drug flumazenil is taken soon enough after a zolpidem dose (flumazenil is used to counteract benzodiazepine depressants). Read the rest of this entry »

Depression is a brain disorder. It can affect your thoughts, moods, feelings, behavior, and physical health. Unfortunately, many people still think it is “all in your head” and that if the person would only try harder, he or she could snap out of the depression. This is not true. Doctors now know that it is a medical disorder with a biological basis, just like diabetes or arthritis.

When we talk about depression, it is important to keep in mind that most people will experience some of the symptoms of depression during their lifetimes. It is natural to feel depressed when you lose a loved one, your marriage breaks up, or you are fired from your job. What distinguishes chronic depression from feeling sad about a situation is that depression affects your mood, bodily functions, and daily behavior, and it usually does not go away without treatment. Read the rest of this entry »

There are hundreds of phobias. Here are a few:

Agoraphobia:
One of the most common phobias, agoraphobia affects women far more than men (roughly two-thirds of sufferers are female). Literally the fear of open spaces, agoraphobia is better known as the fear of being alone in a crowd, or in any place such as a theatre or a church or a shopping centre where escape might appear to be difficult. Such avoidance behaviour can lead to agoraphobia’s extreme effect: the trapping of a person in her home. Read the rest of this entry »

A client wrote:
“I’m terrified something awful is happening to me. Almost
every day I become really scared. I shiver, my chest hurts, my
throat goes dry, I feel dizzy, faint and frightened for fifteen or
twenty minutes of hell. When this happens I feel sure I’m going
insane, or I’m going to die. My doctor says there’s nothing
wrong, that I’m “just” having a panic attack.
She wouldn’t be so complacent if this happened to her! How
can this be ‘just in my head’?”

The pharmaceutical companies would like you to believe that panic attacks arise from something biological … and therefore can be fixed with a pill.  Read the rest of this entry »

Pronunciation: dye-AZ-e-pam
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number: 439-14-5
Formal Names: Alupram, Atensine, Diastat, Diazemuls, Evacalm, Solis, Stesolid, Tensium, Valium, Valrelease, Vival
Informal Names: Blues, Drunk Pills, Ludes, Mother

We hear a lot about depression in general, but there’s a reason most of the ads we see for antidepressant medications feature women.

Women are twice as likely as men to have major depression and, like men, may experience episodes throughout their lives. Women also attempt suicide much more frequently than men, but are less likely to die from those attempts.

Here are some facts about women and depression:

* Women may develop depressive episodes at any time during their lives, but the tendency is greatest during their reproductive years. Prior to adolescence, boys and girls become depressed at about the same rate.
* Some women experience depressive symptoms in relation to their menstrual cycles (most commonly toward the end of the cycle).
* Depression may also occur during pregnancy, the postpartum months, and during the years just before and after menopause.

Despite extensive research, however, no reason for the increased risk for depression in women has been firmly established. Some hypotheses point to hormonal changes; endocrine system alterations such as elevated cortisol levels and subclinical hypothyroidism; the pressures of social and family roles; culturally determined gender expectations; and genetic influences. But we don’t know for sure how these factors combine to cause depression.

After menopause, the risk for depression in women is closer to that for men because it declines somewhat in women and increases in men in that same age range.

As do men, women certainly suffer as a result of their depression. Mood, motivation, concentration, energy, sleep, appetite, and libido all can be affected. In some women, these signs can be overlaid with feelings of worthlessness and guilt, irritability and restlessness, and thoughts of suicide.

And because women often play central roles as family caregivers, their depression can have a profound effect on all family members, especially children. This makes effective treatment especially important.

One treatment challenge that only women face is what to do about taking antidepressants and related psychiatric medications during pregnancy. All FDA-approved medications are categorized according to their relative safety during pregnancy.

The system includes ratings of A, B, C, D, and X, with “A” being proven safe during pregnancy and “X” posing a high risk. Some antidepressants apparently carry less risk than others.

Women who have had episodes of depression and either are pregnant or are considering becoming pregnant should consult with their health care providers about their treatment options.

All women need to recognize their increased risk for depression. If you believe you or someone you know may be depressed, help may come in many forms. Your first step is to talk to someone, such as another family member, a counselor or doctor, or another trusted person.

Article Source: Johns Hopkins University.

Is depression the same for men and women? Not necessarily.

Men and women both may develop major depression with persistent sadness, hopelessness, sleep and appetite disturbance, lack of sexual interest, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts.

However, the social roles and the physical and psychological differences between men and women create some differences in their vulnerabilities to and experiences of depression.

Although the overall rate of depression is greater in women than in men, the rate of actual suicides is four times higher in men. And, when men do kill themselves, they are more likely to use violent methods.

Major depression often occurs by itself, as a primary disorder, although it is not unusual for it to develop in association with other psychiatric conditions.

Men who are abusing alcohol and other substances, or whose teen years were marked by a conduct disorder (i.e., physical aggression, verbal abuse, destruction of property), have a greater risk of depression. Sometimes, it’s difficult to identify depression as a separate disorder that should be treated.

And, of course, not all men respond to depression in the same way. Some will become more socially isolated and withdrawn. Some will turn to alcohol and drugs, perhaps in an effort to escape from their symptoms.

When depressed, some men may become more reckless and take more risks, not caring whether they harm themselves or others. Some men become abusive.

The biggest challenge for men who are depressed is recognizing that they have a problem and then going to see a health care provider to discuss their problem.

Men tend to deny their symptoms. They are less likely to describe feeling sad, but instead may discuss their low energy, motivation, poor sleep, and low interest in work and hobbies. When reviewing the past, men often minimize earlier episodes of depression, although their pattern for recurrent episodes is similar to that experienced by women.

The recommended treatment for men suffering with major depression is the same for all populations: psychotherapy and antidepressant medications.

So, men

Most polular benzodiapines drugs:

Xanax - generic name Alprazolam

Valium - generic name Diazepam

Ativan - generic name Lorazepam

Klonopin - generic name Clonazepam

Benzodiazepines are usually taken as a tablet, capsule or oral solution (liquid form), but some may also be injected or taken as a rectal suppository.

How Benzodiazepines Work

Benzodiazepines are antianxiety medications that are used to treat panic disorder. Alprazolam, specifically, is effective in reducing anxiety and nervous tension and can be helpful in easing agoraphobia. Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed for immediate relief of symptoms, but antidepressants are usually used for long-term treatment of panic disorder and may be prescribed along with a benzodiazepine to treat panic disorder. Benzodiazepines can be used on a daily basis or taken as needed, unlike antidepressants, which must be taken every day.

Why Benzodiazepines Are Used

Benzodiazepines may be used to treat panic disorder if:

• Antidepressants are not effective or their side effects are not well tolerated.
• Medication is needed for immediate relief of severe symptoms of panic disorder, anxiety about having a panic attack, or agoraphobia.

How Well Benzodiazepines Work

Benzodiazepines are effective in providing rapid relief of symptoms associated with panic disorder and agoraphobia.
Side Effects

Possible side effects of benzodiazepines include:

• Drowsiness.
• Lightheadedness.
• Fatigue.
• Slurred speech
• Weakness.
• Memory loss.

See Drug Reference for a full list of side effects. (Drug Reference is not available in all systems.)
What To Think About

Benzodiazepines are associated with the risk of dependency (abuse) and the possibility of withdrawal symptoms.

It is possible for symptoms of panic disorder to return when the drug is stopped.

Complete the new medication information form (PDF) Click here to view a form. (What is a PDF document?) to help you understand this medication.

References

1. American Psychiatric Association (1998). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(5 Suppl): 1